Patient Gallery

Infection inflames the air sacs and may fill them with fluid or pus.

Inflamed airways tighten and narrow during an asthma flare.

Persistent airway narrowing and damaged air sacs cause airflow obstruction.

Air enters the pleural space and the lung partially or fully collapses.

Fluid collects in the pleural space around the lung and can cause breathlessness.

Damaged widened airways cause chronic sputum production and recurrent chest infections.

Scarring or inflammation of lung tissue can cause progressive breathlessness and reduced lung function.

Severe inflammatory lung injury causes low oxygen levels and respiratory failure.

The lungs cannot maintain adequate oxygen, carbon-dioxide removal, or both.

A clot travels to and blocks an artery in the lung.

A blocked coronary artery reduces blood supply to heart muscle.

Reduced pumping or filling can cause fluid congestion in lungs and legs.

Chaotic atrial electrical activity produces an irregular pulse.

Abnormal heart rhythms may cause palpitations, dizziness, breathlessness or fainting.

High blood pressure often causes no symptoms but increases cardiovascular and kidney risk.

Chest discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to heart muscle.

Heart valve disease can obstruct blood flow or allow blood to leak backwards.

Cardiomyopathy affects heart muscle and can make pumping or filling less effective.

Fluid accumulates within the lungs, commonly causing acute breathlessness.

Interrupted brain blood flow causes sudden neurological symptoms.

A sudden burst of abnormal brain electrical activity can change awareness or movement.

Migraine causes episodes of headache often with nausea and sensitivity to light or sound.

Parkinson's disease affects movement and can also cause a range of non-motor symptoms.

MS is an immune-mediated condition affecting myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

Bleeding into the space around the brain can cause a sudden severe headache and neurological illness.

Blood collects between the brain and its outer covering, often after head injury.

An immune-mediated disorder damages peripheral nerves and can cause progressive weakness.

Sudden weakness of one side of the face results from dysfunction of the facial nerve.

An autoimmune disorder causes fatigable muscle weakness by disrupting neuromuscular transmission.

Compression of lower spinal nerve roots can affect leg strength, sensation, bladder or bowel function.

Pressure on the spinal cord can cause pain, weakness, sensory change and sphincter dysfunction.

Kidney filtration falls suddenly and can disturb waste, fluid and electrolytes.

The bladder fills but cannot empty because of obstruction or impaired bladder contraction.

A stone can obstruct the ureter and cause severe colicky pain.

A gradual reduction in kidney function over time.

An infection affecting the bladder, urethra or sometimes kidneys.

Low blood sodium can affect the brain, especially when severe or rapidly changing.

High potassium can disturb the electrical activity of the heart.

High blood calcium can affect the kidneys, gut, brain and heart.

Diabetes causes blood glucose levels to remain too high.

Thyroid disorders can cause too little or too much thyroid hormone.

Adrenal insufficiency occurs when the body does not produce enough cortisol.

A serious complication of diabetes caused by insulin deficiency, high glucose and ketone production.

A serious diabetes emergency with very high blood glucose and severe dehydration.

Low blood glucose can cause sweating, shaking, confusion and collapse if severe.

A life-threatening state of severe thyroid hormone excess requiring emergency treatment.

A severe cortisol deficiency that can cause low blood pressure, vomiting and collapse.

Primary adrenal insufficiency causes long-term deficiency of cortisol and often aldosterone.

Cushing's syndrome results from prolonged excess cortisol in the body.

Excess circulating thyroid hormone speeds up many body functions.

An underactive thyroid produces insufficient thyroid hormone and slows body processes.

The pancreas becomes acutely inflamed, commonly from gallstones or alcohol.

Stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the oesophagus and causes symptoms.

An ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis cause chronic digestive-tract inflammation.

IBS affects bowel function without causing structural bowel damage.

Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, commonly caused by gallstones.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding arises from the oesophagus, stomach or duodenum.

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding commonly presents with blood passed from the rectum.

Inflammation of the appendix commonly causes right lower abdominal pain and systemic symptoms.

A blockage prevents normal passage of intestinal contents and can cause pain, vomiting and distension.

Inflammation or infection of colonic diverticula commonly causes lower abdominal pain and fever.

Long-term liver injury can cause scarring and progressive loss of liver function.

Infection of the bile ducts, often caused by obstruction, requires urgent assessment and treatment.

Rapid loss of liver function can cause jaundice, coagulopathy and encephalopathy.

Fluid accumulation in the abdomen commonly occurs with advanced liver disease and other conditions.

Liver dysfunction can cause reversible changes in cognition, behaviour and consciousness.

A blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

Anaemia means there is less haemoglobin available to carry oxygen around the body.

An inherited blood disorder in which abnormal haemoglobin can cause red cells to sickle and obstruct blood flow.

Sickled red cells can obstruct blood flow and cause episodes of severe pain.

A serious sickle-cell complication causing new lung abnormalities with respiratory symptoms.

Immune destruction of platelets causes thrombocytopenia and increased bleeding risk.

A low neutrophil count increases susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infection.

An inherited clotting-factor deficiency causes prolonged or spontaneous bleeding.

Inherited haemoglobin disorders reduce normal haemoglobin production and can cause anaemia.

A myeloproliferative disorder causes excessive red-cell production and increased thrombosis risk.

A dysregulated response to infection can affect circulation and organs.

A serious infection affecting the heart valves or inner lining of the heart.

A bacterial infection that most commonly affects the lungs.

Inflammation of the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord.

A mosquito-borne parasitic infection that can cause severe illness.

A mosquito-borne viral infection common in tropical and subtropical regions.

A bacterial infection usually acquired from contaminated food or water.

An intestinal infection causing loose stools during or after travel.

C. difficile can cause significant diarrhoea and inflammation of the colon, often after antibiotics.

Infected fluid or pus collects in the pleural space around the lung.

Material entering the lungs can cause inflammation and infection.

Suspected infection in a person with neutropenia is a medical emergency requiring urgent treatment.

Reduced immune defence increases susceptibility to infection.

A severe, rapidly developing allergic reaction that can affect breathing and circulation.

Sudden swelling beneath the skin, often affecting the lips, tongue, face or throat.

Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.

Acute back pain is commonly caused by muscle, joint or disc-related problems.

Joint pain and stiffness caused by changes in joint tissues over time.

An autoimmune disease causing persistent joint inflammation.

Inflammatory arthritis caused by urate crystals forming in a joint.

Skin infections can cause local redness, swelling, pain or discharge.

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissues.

Shingles is caused by reactivation of the chickenpox virus in a nerve distribution.

A potentially serious skin cancer arising from melanocytes.

A common skin cancer that usually grows slowly and rarely spreads to distant sites.

A skin cancer that can invade locally and sometimes spread if untreated.

A chronic inflammatory skin condition causing dry, itchy and inflamed skin.

A long-term inflammatory skin condition causing well-defined scaly plaques.

A cancer of blood-forming cells that affects normal blood-cell production.

A cancer of lymphocytes affecting the lymphatic system.

A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow that can affect bones, kidneys and blood counts.

Cancer that develops in breast tissue.

Cancer arising in the prostate gland.

Cancer affecting the colon or rectum.

Cancer that begins in lung tissue.

Cancer arising in a testicle, often presenting as a painless lump or swelling.

A diverse group of lymphoid cancers involving B cells, T cells or related cells.

A lymphoma characterised by distinctive malignant lymphoid cells and predictable patterns of spread.

Persistent low mood and loss of interest can affect sleep, energy, thinking and daily life.

Excessive worry and fear can affect thoughts, physical sensations and everyday activities.

A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear with strong physical symptoms.

Bipolar disorder causes episodes of depression and episodes of elevated or irritable mood.

Psychosis can affect how a person interprets reality, including thoughts and perceptions.

A long-term mental health condition that can affect thinking, perception, motivation and behaviour.

PTSD can develop after traumatic experiences and may cause re-experiencing, avoidance and persistent threat responses.

OCD involves intrusive unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviours or mental acts.

Eating disorders are serious conditions affecting eating behaviour, body image and physical health.

Withdrawal symptoms can occur when regular heavy alcohol use is suddenly reduced or stopped.

Delirium is an acute, fluctuating change in attention, awareness and thinking caused by an underlying medical problem.

Dementia describes progressive difficulties with memory, thinking and everyday functioning.

A crisis-support card for people experiencing self-harm thoughts, emotional distress or immediate safety concerns.

Recovery is supported by connection, listening, appropriate treatment and practical help.

A neurodevelopmental difference affecting communication, social interaction, behaviour and sensory experience.

A neurodevelopmental condition affecting attention, activity levels and impulse control.

A lifelong condition involving differences in intellectual and adaptive functioning, with individual support needs.

A lifelong condition affecting learning and everyday skills, with support needs varying between individuals.

Differences in processing sensory information can affect comfort, behaviour and participation.

Difficulties with speech, language or social communication can affect understanding and expression.

Hearing loss reduces the ability to hear sounds clearly and has many possible causes.

Tinnitus is hearing sound such as ringing or buzzing without an external sound source.

Vertigo is a false sensation of movement or spinning, often related to the balance system.

Inflammation of the tonsils, commonly caused by viral or bacterial infection.

A collection of pus beside a tonsil that can cause severe one-sided throat symptoms.

Infection or inflammation of the middle ear, particularly common in children.

Inflammation or infection of the external ear canal.

Inflammation of the sinuses, commonly following an upper respiratory infection.

Bleeding from the nose, commonly arising from vessels in the front of the nasal septum.

Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and can gradually reduce vision.

A cataract is clouding of the eye's natural lens, causing gradual visual impairment.

Inflammation of the conjunctiva causing a red or irritated eye.

Inflammation inside the eye that can cause pain, redness, light sensitivity and visual change.

A condition affecting the macula and central vision, most commonly in older adults.

Diabetes can damage retinal blood vessels and threaten vision.

Cancer of the cervix, commonly associated with persistent high-risk HPV infection.

Cancer arising from the ovary or related tissues.

Cancer of the lining of the uterus.

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths arising from uterine muscle.

A pregnancy condition involving high blood pressure and evidence of maternal organ or placental dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction is persistent difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual activity.

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum.

PrEP is medication used by HIV-negative people to substantially reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.

Too much paracetamol can cause serious liver injury even when a person initially feels well.

Excess opioids can suppress breathing and consciousness and can be life-threatening.

Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen delivery by binding strongly to haemoglobin.

High alcohol levels impair brain function, coordination, judgement and consciousness.

Excess benzodiazepines can cause marked sedation and impaired coordination.

Tricyclic antidepressant overdose can affect the heart and brain and may be life-threatening.

Too much aspirin or another salicylate can disturb breathing, temperature and acid-base balance.

Excess serotonin activity can cause agitation, autonomic disturbance and abnormal muscle activity.

A rare but life-threatening reaction to dopamine-blocking medicines causing fever and severe muscle rigidity.

A procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the lower back.

A tube placed into the pleural space to remove air, fluid or blood.

A needle procedure used to remove fluid from around the lung.

A procedure used to sample or drain fluid from the abdomen.

A tube passed through the nose into the stomach for feeding, medication or drainage.

A camera examination of the large bowel.

A catheter procedure used to image coronary arteries and, when needed, treat a narrowing with angioplasty or a stent.

Implantation of a small device that helps control selected abnormal heart rhythms.

A treatment that removes waste and excess fluid from the blood when kidney function is inadequate.

Removal of a small tissue sample for laboratory examination.

Administration of donated blood or blood components.

Antibiotic medication given directly into a vein.

A painless test that records the heart's electrical activity.

Imaging such as X-ray, CT, MRI or ultrasound used to investigate health conditions.

A flexible tube inserted into the bladder to drain urine.

A camera examination of the oesophagus, stomach and first part of the small bowel.

Vaccination trains the immune system to protect against specific infectious diseases.

A needle is used to collect a small blood sample from a vein for testing.

A central line is inserted into a large vein for medicines, fluids, monitoring or longer-term venous access.

A small tube placed in an artery provides continuous blood-pressure monitoring and easy blood sampling.

A flexible camera is passed into the airways to investigate lung and airway problems.

Cardioversion restores a normal heart rhythm using a controlled electrical shock or medication.

An ultrasound scan shows the structure and function of the heart.

A small sample of liver tissue is taken for laboratory examination.

A small sample of kidney tissue is taken to help diagnose kidney disease.

A bone-marrow sample is taken to investigate blood and marrow disorders.

A needle removes fluid from a joint for diagnosis or treatment.

A camera is passed through the urethra to inspect the bladder and urinary tract.

An endoscopic procedure used to diagnose and treat selected bile-duct and pancreatic-duct problems.

A feeding tube is placed through the abdominal wall into the stomach for longer-term nutrition.

A tube is inserted through the neck into the trachea to support breathing or airway care.

A breathing test measures airflow and lung volumes.

An EEG records electrical activity from the brain using scalp electrodes.

Medication is delivered near spinal nerves through the lower back for pain relief or anaesthesia.

Small electrical impulses assess how well peripheral nerves conduct signals.

A small sample of skin is removed for laboratory examination.

An overview of cancers occurring in children and young people.